Successful dental implant therapy largely depends upon the implant osseointegration. Many local and systemic factors interfere with this process. Hence, this study critically reviews the impact that these factors might have on the osseointegration. This review emphasizes the importance of a vigilant preoperative assessment of the local and systemic risk factors as they play a significant role in the long-term success of dental implants.

Background: An enamel rod is the basic unit of tooth enamel measuring 4 μm wide to 8 μm high and is tightly packed, highly organized mass of hydroxyapatite crystals, which are hexagonal in shape and provide rigidity to the rods and strengthen the enamel. In cross section, it is best compared to a keyhole with the top, or head, oriented toward the crown of the tooth and the bottom, or tail, oriented toward the root of the tooth. Enamel rods are found in rows along the tooth. The arrangement of crystals within each enamel rod is highly complex and gives rise to Hunter–Schreger Bands. This article presents enamel rods in Hunter–Schreger Bands under light microscopy and polarized microscopy which has rarely been reported with additional note on incipient lesion visualized under polarized microscopy. Aim: 1. To visualize enamel rods in Hunter–Schreger Bands under light microscopy and polarized microscopy. 2. Visualization of Zones of enamel in incipient lesion under polarized microscopy. Materials and Methods: Two ground sections were prepared. One normal (without lesion) and the other one was having incipient lesion (white spot). Normal tooth was visualized under light and polarized microscopy under x4,x10,x40,x100 under a light microscope, Leica research microscope (Leica application suite [LES]core version 3.8) of Leica research microscope (Model No. DM1000 LED, Leica Microsystems GmbH Ernst-Leitz-Stra e17–37 | 35,578 Wetzlar [Germany]) and tooth with incipient lesion was visualized under polarized microscopy. Conclusion: Basic mechanism of Hunter Schreger bands can be studied at light microscopy. Zones of enamel in incipient lesion too, was clearly evident under polarized microscopy.

Background and Aim: This study aimed to assess the pattern of cases and types of dental procedures performed in an outpatient general anesthesia (GA) operatory. Methodology: A retrospective observational study design was used. The sample comprised of children aged between 2 and 14 years of age (285 males and 267 females) who received dental treatment under GA from April 2013 to March 2019 and whose parents consented to review of dental and medical records. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status of patient on admission, presence or absence of complications from the anesthesia, and type of dental procedures carried out in primary and permanent teeth were recorded and subjected to statistical analyses. Results: Nearly 90% of the cases treated were ASA I (n = 498), with only four cases that were classified as being above ASA III. The mean number of teeth treated per child was 10.6 (standard deviation ± 3.89) teeth. There was a gradual reduction in mean number of teeth treated from 2013 to 2018. There were no cases of serious complications of GA or delayed postoperative recovery reported over the 6-year period. Conclusions: Outpatient surgery is an effective means of providing dental care under GA, even for children with mild systemic disorders.

Context: Premature loss of primary teeth is one of the most prevalent dental problems affecting children worldwide. It is commonly caused by dental caries and trauma. Parents are responsible for their children's oral health and should pay close attention to the consequences of space loss. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of premature loss of primary teeth among children in Dammam city, Saudi Arabia and evaluate the parents' awareness toward space maintainers. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was planned to randomly select children aged between 4 and 9 years who attend governmental and private clinics in Dammam city. Materials and Methods: WHO criteria (WHO 1997) were used to examine decay-missing-filled index and premature loss of primary teeth. Questionnaires were distributed by hand to the parents of selected children to explore their demographic data and their awareness toward space maintainers. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to describe and summarize data collected numerically by SPSS version 20.0. The level of statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed using the following: frequencies, percentages, cross-tabulation, and Chi-square tests. Results: The mean dmf of the participated children in the study was 2.24 (standard deviation = 2.08). The prevalence of premature loss of primary teeth of the selected children was 20%. Only 37 (18.5%) out of 200 parents were aware about space maintainers. Conclusions: The current study revealed a high prevalence of premature loss of primary teeth among children in Saudi Arabia. The parents were unaware about the space maintainer, its used, maintenance, and benefits.

Introduction: Study skills are vital for academic performance. This study aims to explore the study skills of the students in Riyadh Elm University (REU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and to identify possible correlations of students' study skills with gender, academic level, and/or study field. Materials and Methods: A total of 816 students participated in this study from April 25, 2015 to May 25, 2015. A modified study skills assessment questionnaire of Counseling Centre of Houston University was used in this study. The questionnaire consisted of 32 items distributed in eight domains. The students' responses were recorded on a 4-point Likert scale and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and independent t-test. Results: The obtained responses were 816. The mean score of REU students' total study skills indicated moderate study skills. Good study skills were scored by 213 students (26.10%); moderate study skills by 574 students (70.34%); and poor study skills by 29 students (3.55%). Little variation in the mean study skills because of gender, study field or academic level was found. The highest scores were in domains II and IV (concentration/memory and test strategies/test anxiety) while the least scores were in domains and VII (reading and writing). Statistically significant differences were observed between male and female students in domain VI (motivation/attitude), between dental and nondental students in domains II and V (concentration/memory and organizing/processing information) and between junior and senior students in domains I, III, II, and VI (time management, concentration/memory, study aids/note taking, and motivation/attitude). Conclusion: The majority of REU students employed study skills at a moderate level. It is recommended to design and incorporate study skills educational courses for students in academic curricula.

Background: The clinical success of fixed prosthodontics and dental implants is dependent on the dimensional accuracy of the impression obtained. Although there are many studies on different impression materials and the accuracy of the dies, only a few studies on the techniques of impression making hence this study was taken to evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of casts made from four different impression techniques. Aim: This study aims to assess the dimensional accuracy of the resultant casts made from a monophase, one-step, two-step, and novel two-step putty light body impression technique. Settings and Design: An in vitro study. Materials and Methods: A stainless steel model of two abutments with specific distance was fabricated. An impression of this model was made with four different impression techniques using a polyvinyl siloxane impression material using custom made trays. Ten impressions were made with each impression technique. Total 40 impressions made and casts poured with type IV gypsum, and accuracy of the casts measured using a traveling microscope. Three dimensions, i.e., diameter, height, and inter-abutment distance measurements were obtained. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and Student Newman-Keuls test. Results and Conclusion: The casts obtained from all four techniques had significant differences in dimensions as compared to that of the master model. The order for highest to lowest accuracy from, the stainless steel model was; monophase < one-step < two-step < two-step injection technique. The two-step and two-step injection techniques produced the most accurate cast, with the two-step injection technique performance being better than the two-step technique casts obtained.

Background: Interns are the future professionals who would be treating patients on their own once they graduate, so it is mandatory that they be aware of correct prescribing. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge of dental interns regarding the prescription of drugs. Methodology: A structured, self-administered questionnaire was designed and given to 68 interns. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: A statistically significant number of interns were aware of the prescription of drugs for dental patients. However, it is essential for every intern to have sound knowledge regarding the pharmacodynamics, dosage, and prescription of drugs for dental infections in healthy as well as systemically compromised patients. Conclusion: A majority of interns had moderate knowledge regarding drug prescription, and special efforts are required to educate the interns for the same.

Osseous choristoma is a tumor-like growth of lamellar bone which is found in a location where the bone does not normally form. It rarely occurs in the mandibular buccal vestibule. These lesions are either developmental (arising from ectopic mesenchymal cells) or a consequence of trauma and chronic irritation. A 50-year-old male was presented for diagnostic evaluation and surgical management of a long-standing hard mass involving the buccal vestibular sulcus of the mandible. The lesion was clinically examined and radiographically investigated using panoramic, intraoral, and cone-beam computed tomography images. Surgical excision was considered the ideal treatment, and postoperative histopathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of osseous choristoma. There was no evidence of recurrence over a 2-year follow-up period. Osseous choristoma involving the mandibular buccal vestibule can be misdiagnosed as an osteoma because of its clinical presentation; however, the lesion is typically not attached to the underlying bone and can be easily separated from the surrounding tissues. The diagnosis is based on clinical and radiographic examinations and generally confirmed by histopathological analyses.

Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a rare benign epithelial odontogenic tumor, having characteristic clinical and histopathological features. CEOT usually affects middle-aged adults without any gender predilection. Most of these cases are intraosseous and appear predominantly in the mandibular posterior region. It is not commonly found in the maxillary region; however, if appear, it can easily involve the surrounding areas including the maxillary sinus. Here, we discuss a case of CEOT in the maxillary premolar–molar region, the common site being the posterior mandible.

Eruption cysts are benign cysts of soft tissue in association with an erupting primary or permanent tooth. It is defined as a cyst that lies superficial to the crown of an erupting tooth and is lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium. Clinically, it appears as soft, often translucent swelling of the gingival mucosa overlying the crown of the involved teeth and may vary from pink to bluish purple in color. Usually seen in children and the most affected teeth include the first permanent molars and maxillary incisors. Radiographically, there is no bone involvement. Eruption cyst may disappear by themselves, but if injured, shed blood, or get infected, then a surgical treatment to expose the tooth and drain the contents may be required. This article describes a case of eruption cyst in a 7-year-old male patient, which presented with a swelling involving the gingiva apical to 51 and involving 11.

Supernumerary teeth are defined as the teeth that exceed the normal dentition, regardless of their morphology and location. They may closely resemble the teeth of the group to which it belongs, that is, molars, premolars, and anterior teeth. The most common complications associated are impaction, delayed eruption, crowding, and diastema. A case is presented where the diagnosis and extraction of the supplemental lateral incisor was done followed by 2 × 4 fixed orthodontic. Early intervention with 2 × 4 appliance is a potential treatment option for future, as it is a versatile, short-phase fixed appliance with clinical effectiveness and efficacy.