Faculty development programs (FDPs) have proven to be successful for improving teaching skills in higher education. This review article summarizes literature reviews and resource books on faculty development. It tackled why FDP is important, history of FDP in the past years, and questioned whether FDP produced any positive effect on students' academic achievement as well as the different methods to assess FDPs effectiveness. The review also discussed how to establish FDP, presented its ideal structure, features that make FDP effective, and outlined the barriers to its successful implementation as well as the future vision. This report also highlighted the situation of FDP in Saudi Arabia. Finally, the review concluded that professional FDPs produce promising outcomes in the learning and teaching practices and recommended that teachers in higher education should attend FDP training activities on regular basis and that the scope of planned FDPs should extend beyond the health professions discipline, to include social skills necessary for collaboration, professional growth as well as management, and leadership abilities.

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Dental fluorosis is a specific condition due to chronic ingestion of excessive fluoride during enamel formation. The cleavage and removal of enamel proteins are disturbed. Retention of the proteins and water results in varying degrees of subsurface porosities related to the severity of fluorosis. The porosities may attract extrinsic stains, causing enamel discoloration. Posteruptively, occlusal trauma may cause detachment of surface enamel weakened by the subsurface porosities. The therapeutic management options include bleaching, microabrasion, veneering and crowning. The bleaching agents break down the chromogens into smaller molecules, resulting in teeth with lighter and brighter shades. The microabrasion is aimed at removing the superficial microporous zone together with the entrapped extrinsic stains, while laminate veneers and crowns provide esthetic masking of the discolored fluorosed enamel. It is suggested that mild-to-moderate fluorosis be treated by microabrasion and bleaching, while severe fluorosis, with loss of some surface enamel, is managed by veneering and crowning, depending on the extent of surface enamel loss. Long-term clinical trials are needed to evaluate the appropriateness of the various management options for fluorosis of varying severity.

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Background and Aim: Oral tori are bony growth present in the oral cavity and are not considered as pathological lesions. Smaller tori do not cause any problems, but larger sized tori can result in significant problems. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of torus palatinus (TP) and torus mandibularis (TM) in the Indian population. Study Design: A total of 3087 patients were examined between August, 2010 and October, 2012 for the presence of TP and TM by inspection and palpation. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Results: A total of 36 patients (1.3%) presented with TP, while 214 patients (6.9%) presented with TM. Tori were more frequent in males and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). TP was more common in 31-40 years age group (13 patients, 36.1%), whereas TM was more in the 41-50 years age group (81 patients, 37.9%). The most commonly observed type of TP was flat shaped, whereas bilateral solitary types were the most common TM. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a significantly higher prevalence of tori in males. No difference in the prevalence of TP and TM was noted regarding the age groups. Although, not pathologically significant, these bony overgrowths very often need surgical removal, especially when prosthesis are indicated.

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Background: Extracting a decayed tooth and replacing it or trying to save it is one of the most common chief complaints, and every patient is given a variety of viable treatment options. Cost of each option plays a major role in the patient's decision. Aim: The aim was to compare the costs of three treatment modalities in the private dental clinics in Riyadh and Al-Hasa, dental implants placement to replace a missing tooth or to replace a missing tooth with a fixed dental prosthesis (FDP), or to save the tooth with endodontic treatment and crown lengthening and an FDP. Materials and Methods: An interview-based survey was done in the private dental clinics in both Riyadh and Al-Hasa. Convenience sampling was used to choose the clinics. Results: A total of 52 clinics were surveyed. Average costs of a single ceramo-metal, all ceramic and zirconium FDP were 589, 857, and 1241 S. R., respectively. Average costs of a 3-unit ceramo-metal, all ceramic, and zirconium FDP were 1595, 2329, and 3402 S. R., respectively. Average costs of randomized control trials of anterior and posterior teeth were 507 and 733 S. R., respectively. The average cost of the crown lengthening surgical procedure was 411 S. R. Average baseline cost for a single dental implant was 3907 S. R., and the average cost for placing an immediate dental implant was 2972 S. R. Moreover finally, the average cost for replacing the anterior and posterior teeth with dental implants were 3199 and 3176 S. R., respectively. Patients nowadays are faced with a variety of treatment options to replace or save a tooth, one of the most important factors in this decision-making process in the financial factor. This research's results revealed that the highest discrepancy margin in the price was for the treatment with implant therapy, followed by the replacement with a 3-unit FDP and finally the procedures to try and save the tooth. Conclusion: Treatment with implant therapy in both Riyadh and Al-Hasa is still the costliest treatment modality compared to the other modalities, but by a smaller cost margin compared to what it used to be in previous years.

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Background: The nature of collagen in the oral potentially malignant disorder of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) has always been a subject of interest to researchers studying the condition. The type, constitution, and morphology of the collagen has been studied to understand the pathogenesis of the disorder. Aim: The present review attempts to collate literature to assess the changes reported on the nature of collagen in OSF. Materials and Methods: A systematic analysis of literature based on the PRISMA protocol was carried out on studies that analyzed the nature of collagen in OSF. A total of 30 articles were found acceptable for analysis. The reported literature was categorized into histological, immuno-histochemistry (IHC), electron microscopic (EM)/scanning electron microscopic (SEM), biochemical, culture, and genetic studies. Results: Light microscopic studies revealed increased collagen with compaction and condensation as the disease advanced. Polarising microscopy revealed presence of greenish yellow (type I) thick fibers replacing the yellowish orange (type III) thin fibers in the submucosa. Fibrosis originated in the submucosa and subsequently involved the lamina propria as the disease advanced. EM/SEM investigations revealed frayed ends, degeneration of collagen cores. Increased expression of collagen antibodies and total collagen content were observed in IHC and biochemical studies, respectively. Cultured fibroblasts from OSF tend to produce more collagen in comparison to normal fibroblasts indicating a phenotypic change. Increased expression and upregulation of collagen genes were consistent in OSF cases. Conclusion: The collagen deposition in OSF is biochemically normal but quantitatively more. Fibroblast phenotypic change, upregulation of collagen genes, and selective remodeling due to decreased degradation seem to contribute to the increased fibrosis in the disorder.

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Aim: Children under 5 years of age generally spend most of their time with parents or guardians, especially mothers. Parents play a central role in giving children the information and encouragement needed for healthy lives. Parental oral health knowledge, belief and attitudes influence the oral health maintenance, dietary habits and healthy behavior of their children. The aim of this study was to assess the mothers oral health care knowledge and to assess the oral health status of their child. Materials and Methods: A total of 386 mothers along with their child of 1-6 years were randomly selected for the study. A 22-point questionnaire including parent's literacy levels, socioeconomic status, dietary practices and oral hygiene practices, was designed to assess the knowledge of the mothers regarding oral health of their child. Oral examination of the children was done by World Health Organization criteria for recording children's oral health status. Results: About 87% of the mothers agreed that intake of food with excessive sugars can cause cavities, and 95.8% admitted that chocolates cause the most decay. 80.5% agreed to the fact that leaving a milk bottle all night increases the risk for tooth decay, however, 59.3% mothers were of the opinion that dental visit is must only in the presence of decay. 59.3% mothers were unaware about the optimal fluoride content. 71.7% mothers agreed that caries in deciduous teeth are a matter of concern. The average decayed score of the children was 2.9 and 77.9% of the children had a fair to good oral hygiene status. Conclusion: Instead of the fact that most of the health care knowledge that the mothers had was primarily from the family elders, they were aware of caries risk factors, tooth brushes and amount of toothpaste and bacteria from mother's cavities can infect child. This could be observed by less number of decayed teeth and good oral hygiene status of the children. However, parents knowledge, attitudes and few beliefs regarding dental care need to be improved.

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Immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone is a topic that has recently received a lot of attention in the literature. Successful implant placement at the time of extraction in the esthetic zone is a challenge, requiring management of soft-tissue, atraumatic extraction placement of the implant and later the prosthetic stage. This article looks reviews recent literature on the topic of immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone and the clinical steps involved. The article also looks at recent evidence on patient satisfaction and discusses the merits, demerits of such a procedure and precautions to be taken by the practitioner to minimize failure.

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Halitosis is a common problem. There are many assessment methods in the literature as well as treatment modalities. The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the level of evidence for each treatment modality of halitosis. Electronic databases were searched in a systematic method according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The review included human clinical trials with or without randomization and excluded case reports and case series. Only articles written in English were included in the review. Forty-three articles were included in this review. It was found that treatment modalities can be classified into chemical compounds in mouthwashes, chemical compounds in dentifrices, chemical compounds in other products, herbal products and combinations of chemical and physical methods. The level of evidence ranged from I to IV for each class. This review suggests that mouthwashes and dentifrices are the best ways to combat halitosis. There is currently insufficient amount of level I evidence to support the efficacy of herbal products or mechanical modifications to oral hygiene practices and there is a need for a greater number of randomized controlled trials to study the efficacy of these methods.

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Bioactive glass (BAG) is a benevolent biocompatible material used as an adjunct to various materials used in dentistry. BAG is proved to have a beneficent effect in promoting material–tissue bond. The objective is to analyze significant information available in the literature regarding application of BAG in dentistry. A literature search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate using the keywords: (Dentifrice OR Dentifrices) OR (Toothpaste OR Toothpastes) AND (Treatment) AND (Dentin OR Dentine OR Tooth) AND (Hypersensitivity OR Sensitivity) AND (Dentifrício OR Dentifrícios) AND (Tratamento OR Tratamentos) AND (Dentinária OR Dentina OR Dente) AND (Hipersensibilidade OR Sensibilidade). The papers found were analyzed regarding title and abstract contents to eliminate the ones that were out of context and not relevant to the review. After this first filter, 31 papers were selected, in which the full-text available was considered of good quality and relevant to the context. The languages of the papers were predominantly English and articles published before 1999 were excluded. The material BAGs are currently used for implant coating, bone grafting, dentin desensitizer, and restorative materials. The current paper reviews the significant developments of BAGs in clinical application, especially dentistry.

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Background: Oral candidiasis continued to receive attention due to its evidenced association with its evidenced association with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In spite of considerable improvements in the laboratory diagnostic methods, there is still a need for more reliable, definitive and less time-consuming diagnostic techniques for Candida infection. Many of the studies were done utilizing acridine orange (AO) as a basic fluorescent dye for the demonstration of yeast in cultured Candida species and in histopathological sections. However, only very few studies report this technique to demonstrate Candida organisms in oral smears. The present study was carried out to assess the diagnostic reliability of detection of Candida by utilizing AO fluorescent dye in oral exfoliative smears of oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: A total of 62 clinically diagnosed cases of oral candidiasis were studied. Two smears and a swab were collected from each suspected lesion. Each slide was stained with, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reagent and AO. PAS stained smears were then evaluated for the presence of Candida species under light microscopy. AO stained smears were observed under fluorescent microscopy. After inoculation of swab on the saborouds agar plates, the growth of Candida species was evaluated by Gram stain and germ tube test. Each technique was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Results: It was found that the PAS stained smears were more reliable for detection of Candida species (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 66.7%), than AO method (sensitivity = 87.5%; specificity = 0%). Conclusion: Acridine Orange fluorescent technique even though rapid lacks specificity for Candida.

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Introduction: Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in South East Asian countries due to increased consumption of tobacco products and alcohol and ranks sixth among the malignancies worldwide. Several screening modalities such as toluidine blue, Lugol's iodine staining, exfoliative cytology, and biopsy are being used to detect suspicious oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) at an early stage. Oral brush biopsy is a painless and less invasive technique that uses variations of a small brush to collect cells from all three layers of epithelium. The technique is non-invasive and promises to be an adjunct to the gold-standard histopathological examination and diagnosis of oral PMD. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to compile studies pertaining to diagnostic utility of oral brush biopsy with or without computer-assisted cytological analysis in the screening of innocuous oral PMDs for early detection of cancerous changes. Materials and Methods: Computerized literature search was performed to select eligible articles from the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), GOOGLE SCHOLAR, and SCIENCE DIRECT using specific keywords. The search was limited to articles published as full text in English, which were screened by two reviewers for eligibility. Results and Discussion: Six studies satisfied our inclusion criteria and found oral brush biopsy as a moderately reliable screening tool for early detection of dysplastic changes in oral PMDs. For oral brush biopsy, sensitivity and specificity obtained were 97.7% and 84.5%, respectively, in the detection of high-grade dysplasia. Conclusion: Brush cytology using a cytobrush is a reliable adjunct to histopathology in detecting oral premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Specificity and sensitivity of the technique requires further investigative clinical studies.

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Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the major salivary glands, accounting for 15.5% of all cases, benign and malignant. The aim of this article is to report a case of MEC in a 73-years-old male patient who presented with a painless firm fluctuant swelling in left preauricular area. The lesion was thoroughly examined preoperatively, and investigations were carried out. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was done for the lesion and report suggested tumor of the parotid gland. Superficial parotidectomy procedure was done, taking care not to injure the lower division of the facial nerve. Post recovery was uneventful with no defect of facial nerve functions. The histologic picture confirmed that the tumor was MEC of parotid gland. Through the literature reviews of MEC the discussions on prevalence, origin, diagnosis, histological finding, investigation and the modes of treatment are made.

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Dentists are prone to face unpredictable medical emergency crises in their patients during dental practice. These seldom but usually occurring events require diagnosis for safe and effective management. Therefore, dental care professionals are required to be equipped with information and training on how to manage medical emergencies (MEs) including drug administration. An outline of what essential basic life support equipment and medications require in dental clinics to manage MEs are provided with recommendation for training to handle those medical events. Effective and safe dental practice require to providing graduate and undergraduate dentistry students with updated information and training on medical emergencies and how to handle different equipment and drugs associated with such events.

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Computer-aided facilities have been realized to improve medical diagnosis and consequent treatment in terms of precision, cost-effectiveness, and shorten the procedures time. A variety of dental restorative aspects including diagnosis, rehabilitation, and maintaining of patients with complex clinical conditions have been dramatically improved through the nowadays employed digitized techniques compared with conventional procedures. This review overviews the ways of how digitization could improve dentally related aspects and to discuss the educational procedures needed to acquire such an approach in dental practice. An electronic search was conducted using specifically related keywords. The relevant and most appropriate articles for systematic reviews were selected.

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Aim: Sleep bruxism (SB) has been present for over a century. There are many treatment modalities in the literature. The objective of this systematic review of randomized controlled clinical therapeutic trials of SB in adults diagnosed by clinical and/or electromyogram and/or polysomnography of SB is to elucidate the most effective of treatment modalities via documentation of the levels of evidence. Materials and Method: This review conducted electronically on PubMed included only English Full text human clinical trials with or without randomization. Twenty-one articles were included in this review. The therapeutic modalities of SB were classified into behavioral therapy, appliance therapy, local pharmacotherapy, and systemic pharmacotherapy. Each article was further allotted a level of evidence. Results: This review suggests that Oral appliances expressed the most positive outcome on SB episodes per hour of sleep. Conclusion: There is still not sufficient evidence to support behavioral and pharmaco-therapeutic approach

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Aim: Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws and giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone share a number of similarities and dissimilarities in respect of their histopathological, cytometric and immunohistochemical features. The aim of this study was to compare CGCG of the jaws and GCT of long bones from clinicopathology, cytometry and immunohistochemistry aspects. Materials and Methods: 18 CGCG and 22 GCT of bones were compared. Clinical data were obtained on the age, gender, diagnosis, clinical course, treatment and follow up. Histopatholgical features of mononuclear cell; stroma and giant cells were assessed. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to measure the mean number of giant cells, mean number of nuclei per giant cell, fractional surface area and relative size index. Expression of cell differentiation markers (vimentin, CD68, CD34, S-100P, alpha-smooth muscle actin [αSMA]) and cell cycle related markers (PCNA, P53, Ki-67, bcl-2) were evaluated. Results: CGCG of the jaw showed an early age of presentation (55.6% <25 years) and the mandible was the more common anatomical location (77.8), whereas the femur and tibia were equally affected by GCT (36.4%). GCT showed higher mean number of giant cells, higher number of nuclei per giant cell, greater fractional surface area and relative size index. Both diseases showed similar cellular phenotype in respect of Vimentin, S100 protein, CD68 and CD34. There was increased immunoreactivity of GCT to Ki-67, P53 and αSMA. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the GCT and the CGCG may be variants of the same disease entity with age and site-specific features.

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Aim: This study aimed to investigate oral hygiene and maintenance habits of fixed partial denture (FPD) wearers. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 patients (93 males, and 107 females) answered a questionnaire regarding their oral hygiene habits and awareness of specific measures to maintain proper hygiene underneath their FPDs. Results: The most patients (n = 166, 83%) did not use any special aid to maintain hygiene underneath pontics. The majority of them (n = 178, 89%) reported that their dentist did not inform them about these aids. In addition, 150 patients (75%) reported that they were not advised by the dentist to book recall visits. Conclusion: There is a lack of awareness among FPD wearers regarding the specific measures needed to maintain proper hygiene underneath FPDs. Dentists should be obligated to educate their patients regarding the maintenance of proper oral hygiene under their prostheses.

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Background and Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the physical (processing shrinkage) and mechanical properties (bending deflection, flexure strength, and flexure modulus) of pressure-molded (Lucitone 199 and ProBase Hot) and injection-molded (SR-Ivocap) denture base materials in different conditions. Materials and Methods: Two denture base materials for pressure molding, Lucitone 199 and ProBase Hot, and one for injection molding (SR-Ivocap) were tested. Polymerization shrinkage (PS) was determined by measuring the linear distances between the reference points on the wax patterns (65 mm × 55 mm × 6 mm) and the corresponding cured acrylic plates and calculating the difference. Rectangular specimens (50 mm × 10 mm × 2.5 mm) were machined from these acrylic plates and used to measure bending deflection (BD) at various load levels, flexure strength (FS), and modulus of elasticity using a three-point bend test on an Instron Universal Testing Machine. A minimum of seven specimens were tested for each variable category. For each material, the percentage of specimens that failed within the load range of 9-10 kg was noted. Statistical analysis involved calculation of mean and standard deviations followed by group comparison of properties of different materials by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple range tests. Level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Result: There was no significant difference between the PS values. ProBase Hot exhibited significantly less BD and greater FS values than the other two materials (P < 0.05). Within the load range of 9-10 kg., 5% of the lucitone specimens, 25% of the SR-Ivocap specimens, and all of the ProBase Hot specimens fractured. Conclusion: The three tested denture base acrylics did not show any significant differences in processing shrinkage. However, ProBase Hot showed significantly lower bending deflection values than Lucitone 199 and SR-Ivocap. Compared to Lucitone 199 and SR-Ivocap, ProBase Hot is a tougher and a stiffer material. Hence, it is more likely to fracture readily if subjected to extreme loading conditions due to the accidental fall of the denture on a hard surface or if the denture wearer inadvertently bites on a particularly hard particle.

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Anterior open bite (AOB) could be corrected by intrusion of the posterior teeth using temporary anchorage device (TAD). However, stability of such approach is still not obvious. The aim of this paper is to systematically review the available scientific evidence regarding the stability of AOB correction on treated with posterior teeth intrusion using TADs. Electronic databases and certain orthodontic journals were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nonRCTs (nRCTs), and retrospective studies (RTSs) investigating the stability of AOB correction treated with intrusion of maxillary, mandibular posterior teeth or both using any type of TAD were retrieved. Both reviewers were involved in data extraction and analysis, and any disagreements were resolved by discussion. Three RTSs and one nRCT were recognized. Low level of scientific evidence was identified after assessment of the risk of bias of the involved studies with no related RCT was performed. Although, overbite relapsed after debonding, positive overbite is maintained in all 95 participants of the involved studies. Overbite relapse could not be explained by the relapse of posterior teeth intrusion only. Weak scientific evidence supports that correction of the AOB by posterior teeth intrusion using TAD is stable approach at the short and long term.

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Introduction: This study evaluated the prevalence of developmental and eruption disturbances of teeth in both primary and mixed dentition of the patients along with the associations between the variables such as child's age, gender, jaw, and teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 9235 children visiting the Outpatient Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India, were examined during a period of 1 year from January 2014 to January 2015. Clinical examination was carried out to identify the presence of developmental and eruption disturbances. Data management and statistical analysis were carried out using software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19. Results: A total of 223 (2.41%) patients were affected by the developmental dental and eruption disturbances. The prevalence of developmental dental anomalies was 1.62 and of eruption disturbances was 1.06. Enamel hypoplasia was the most prevalent anomaly (0.77) whereas the most prevalent eruption disturbance was ectopic eruption (0.80). Conclusion: The early detection and diagnosis of dental anomalies is important to prevent further disturbances and related complications.

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Stainless steel crowns are the restoration of choice for the treatment of badly decayed posterior teeth under general anesthesia. The evaluation of occlusion after the placement of these crowns, however, remains a difficult task. This paper outlines a technique to evaluate the occlusion of stainless steel crowns placed under general anesthesia using a specially designed tray and a fast setting polyvinyl siloxane bite registration material (Regisil^® PB™, Dentsply, Surrey UK).

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Aim: The purpose of the following study is to measure the amount and frequency of iatrogenic damage to inter-proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth, following crown preparation, among undergraduate dental students in Riyadh Colleges of Dentistry and Pharmacy. Materials and Methods: Teeth surfaces were examined on master casts, using ×2.5 magnifying loupes. The damage depth of the injured teeth was measured, with - a modified digital micrometer caliper (Whitworth's 6 inch Digital Caliper). To ensure that examined teeth surfaces were intact pre-operatively, they were confirmed with pretreatment radiographs. Results: A sample of 180 teeth surfaces chosen randomly was examined of which only 111 samples done by undergraduate students with intact teeth surfaces were included. The 69 excluded samples either had carious or restored teeth surfaces or were done by practitioners other than dental students. Over Nearly 98% of examined teeth surfaces, adjacent to crown prepared teeth, were proximally injured. Through using specific measuring parameters, the most frequent type of damage was abrasion (58.7%). The most commonly damaged area found was the middle-third of the proximal surface. The damage extended to more than 50% of the proximal surface, in 63% of the total sample. The depth of the injury was more than 0.1 mm in 58% of the total sample. Damage was more frequent in maxillary teeth (60.4%), than mandibular teeth (39.6%). Conclusion: Conventional crown preparation methods appear to result in significant damage to adjacent teeth surfaces; increasing caries risk potential, thermal sensitivity and periodontal disease. Therefore, protection of these surfaces and selection of the most appropriate instruments and preparation techniques are important.

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